And the Stoneflies Keep Getting Bigger in Sugar Hollow

Could I start with some other photo?!  The Perlodid stonefly Malirekus hastatus, and it was a big one -- close to 1" in length.  And, note how the rear wing pads are flared out from the body; that's a sure sign that these stoneflies are getting mature.

After finding our winter small minnow mayflies (Heterocloeon amplum) last week, I thought I should return to Sugar Hollow this week to check on the stoneflies.  Lots of them, and they're all getting bigger.  Let's have a look.

1. Another, closer, look at this gorgeous Malirekus hastatus.

2. One of two Diploperla duplicatas (Perlodids) I found.

3. Two of the many, many, many Isoperla namatas.  This common Perlodid is becoming a dominant taxon in a lot of our streams as we move into spring. Monitors will be seeing a lot of them in their samples.

4. One of several large winter stoneflies -- Taenionema atlanticum -- that are still present in these small mountain streams.

5. And a "giant" Giant stonefly -- Pteronarcys scotti (I think).

There were some mayflies in the stream.  In fact, the bottoms of rocks were covered with the flatheads, Epeorus pleuralis.   I also found a few Ameletids.  But one of my favorite discoveries this morning was this beautiful aquamarine, free-living caddisfly larva, Rhyacophila nigrita.

The main thing that helps us to pin down this species is the "two-toned" pronotum -- light in the back and dark in the front -- that and the black/brown head.  Previous R. nigritas that I've found in this stream have been whitish gray, e.g. this one from 12/26.

And since I've moved our attention to the free-living caddis, I can say a little bit more about the larva I found here last month (see the entry posted on 2/2).  This one.

This is not R. nigrita; the pronotum is totally different.  And it certainly isn't the "common" Rhyacophila -- Rhyacophila fuscula -- the green one with the "topless" H pattern on a light brown head.  So, I took some microscope photos to help with ID and sent them to Steven Beaty.  Here are the photos.

1. The head -- and note the light colored dots (muscle scars).

2. The pronotum, and note the distinctive "notched" posterior edge.

I'm not really sure if these photos helped him or not, but he thought there was a good chance that this was Rhyacophila glaberrima.   However, to know that for sure, we have to know the length of segment 2 of the maxillary palpi: I wasn't able to figure that out.  If it was R. glaberrima, it's "relatively rare" (Beaty, "The Trichoptera of North Carolina").

So, we've got R. fuscula and R. nigrita in this stream for sure, and possibly R. glaberrima.  I would not be surprised to find additional species of free-living caddisflies on future trips to this gem of a stream.
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Below -- and Epeorus pleuralis flatheaded mayfly stays perfectly still as a "net-winged" midge (Blephariceridae) crawls underneath.

And Yes, The Black Fly Larvae Have "Colonized" a Lot of Our Streams

They're actually kind of cute when seen individually.  But that's not how we normally see them.  At the moment, when you look into some of our streams -- e.g. the Doyles River and Buck Mt. Creek -- this is what you're likely to see on the tops of large rocks.

Or sometimes you find them on leaves when you're sorting through leaf packs.

Not very appealing.  Large colonies of black fly larvae (family: Simuliidae) are common in a lot of our streams -- often very good streams -- in the winter.  It's just their season.   The black fly genus I find in the winter (roughly November through March) is Prosimulium (general tolerance value: 4.5); the genus I find the rest of the year is Simulium (general tolerance value: 4.9).   The defining characteristics of Prosimulium larvae are the dark tips of the antennae (click on the photo to enlarge),

and the fact that the "cervical sclerites" (the little black dots at which the arrows are pointed) are enclosed by the postocciput.

(On Simulium larvae, the arms of the postocciput are further apart, leaving the sclerites baldly exposed at the back edge of the head.)

Black fly larvae like to colonize rocks that are in the main flow of the current.  You'll often find them on rocks over which the current spills at the head of a riffle.  This makes very good sense.  Black flies are "filter collectors," in terms of their Functional Feeding Group classification, using their head hairs -- I like to think of them as their "whiskers" --  to "filter/glean" nutrients out of the water: their main source of food.

The large numbers of black fly larvae in our streams at this time of year present stream monitors with a genuine problem.   With their high tolerance values -- Virginia DEQ uses a single value of 6.0 for all black fly genera -- when large numbers of them show up in a sample because someone rubbed the "wrong" rocks, a stream's "score" can plummet.  (I once ended up with 700 larvae from a 1 second net!)   But large numbers of black flies in winter samples do not indicate unhealthy streams.  They're just there at this time of year,  so sampling methods must be devised that make adjustments for this situation.  I'm not proposing a "revised" method: I'm happy that those kinds of matters are dealt with by others!

So, I've done my bit on black flies for the winter -- and now I intend to return to my focus on mayflies, caddisflies, and stoneflies!

The New Kids on the Block: Nemourid Stoneflies and Small Minnow Mayflies

Just back from Buck Mt. Creek where I continue to find more and more signs of "late" winter -- on February the 9th!!  In my short visit this morning, I found a significant number of small minnow mayflies again, Heterocloeon amplum,  quite a few spiny crawlers (E. dorothea), and a fair number of Nemourid stoneflies -- genus Prostoia -- as in the picture above.  There are still winter insects around -- large winter stoneflies (but I'm only seeing Strophopteryx fasciata, no Taeniopteryx burksi), small winter stoneflies (a small  Allocapnia species), and Clioperla and Helopicus Perlodid stoneflies.  But these winter stoneflies have really diminished in number, and the new kids are taking over the streams.  The other late winter insect that is showing up in large numbers is the Perlodid stonefly, Isoperla namata (which I also found this morning in Buck Mt. Creek).

I'll just post a few photos today.

1. Some more shots of these little Nemourids (Prostoia nymphs are 5-6 mm in length, and this one was close to 6):

2. One of several small minnow mayflies that I picked up, close to 9 mm in length.

3. And one of several Ephemerella dorothea spiny crawlers.

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Two comments:  1) Not only am I now finding large numbers of mayflies and stoneflies that I think of as insects that should show up later on, but some of them are already "big."  Note the length of the wing pads on the small minnow in the photo above (and in the photos I posted on Tuesday), and the length of the wing pads on this spiny crawler.  2) The small minnow mayfly in the photos above is a "female," something we can tell from the size of the head and the eyes.  The one that was featured in my last entry was clearly a male.

Adult, terrestrial males, use their large eyes to pick out the females in mating swarms.

The Return of Our "Winter" Small Minnow Mayfly: Heterocloeon amplum

My destination this morning was the upper Doyles River.  But I decided to take a quick look at the "lower" Doyles River -- just outside of White Hall -- before I moved on.  That's as far as I got.  The bottoms of rocks and the leaf packs were just loaded with insects.  Stoneflies: I found some common stoneflies -- Acroneuria and Eccoptura -- but there were lots of Perlodids, Clioperla, Diploperla, Helopicus, and for the first time, Isoperla namata.  And, I found both large and small winter stoneflies.   For mayflies:  I saw a few, small, flatheaded mayflies, Epeorus pleuralis, and a surprisingly large number of spiny crawlers (!), Ephemerella dorothea.  Everything seems to be showing up early this year.

But I was most excited by finding quite a few small minnow mayflies -- the same species I saw here (and at Buck Mt. Creek and the Lynch River) last year in the winter.  I'm quite sure this is Heterocloeon amplum, and I'll make the case for that in a moment.  But first, a couple more pictures.

As I found last year, some of these nymphs are olive in color, others a mixture of orange and brown (see the photos posted on 3/2/11, for example).

And here's a nice double with the two colors together.

These were the largest small minnow nymphs I saw all of last year (7-9 mm), and the most prolific.  That will come as no surprise to the fly fishermen: the "blue-winged olive" hatch -- adult small minnow mayflies -- is one of the earliest hatches we see every spring.

Now, how do we determine that this is Heterocloeon amplum?  There's a short way and a long way.  The short way is through a process of elimination.  These nymphs have two tails, so the genus is either Acentrella or Heterocloeon.  Acentrella is out of the question because no Acentrella reaches a length of 7 mm (see the descriptions of Acentrella species in Steven Beaty's "The Ephemeroptera of North Carolina," p. 4).  So we move to Heterocloeon.  Almost all species of Heterocloeon small minnow mayflies have "procoxal gills," gills at the base of the front legs.  Those look like this on Heterocloeon curiosum.

The nymphs that I found this morning do not have procoxal gills, and the only species of Heterocloeon lacking those gills is Heterocloeon amplum.  

That takes care of the "short" method of identifying our nymphs.  But let's try to establish the species ID in a more rigorous way.  Here's what Beaty has to say on H. amplum ("The Ephemeroptera of North Carolina, p. 9).

H. amplum -- nymphs 7-9 mm; unique labial palpi (parallel sided); shortened leg setae; femora, tibiae and tarsi relatively shortened, tarsi slightly dilated apically with wide, pale medial band; gills large, suboval, with rudimentary trachea.  Found in streams to rivers in the Mountains and Piedmont.  Mainly collected during the cooler months.


He also notes that, on this species, the "hind wing pads [are] usually small but sometimes absent."


The smallest nymph in the photos above was 7mm, the largest were 8mm.  The "suboval" shape of the gills and the "rudimentary tracheation" can be seen in our pictures (there's a thin line of pigment in the center of each gill).  Or, better yet, look at this photo (click to enlarge).

For the shortened leg setae (hair), we need a microscope shot.

The same is true if we want to see the wide medial band on the tarsi and the way in which the apex slightly expands.

On the hind wing pads -- they are present on the nymphs that I found, and they are indeed small.

Finally, let's look at the labial palps.

I'd say they are "parallel sided," at least the penultimate segment.  So, I'm pretty satisfied with the call of H. amplum.  And I suspect I'll be seeing a lot more of them through March into April.
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Other photos -- it was a good morning for pictures.

1. Perlodid stonefly, Helopicus subvarians.  This was big one -- around 1" -- and note how the wing pads are flaring out from the body (= pretty mature).

2. Perlodid stonefly, Isoperla namata.  These are showing up in large numbers now in a lot of our streams.

3. Helopicus subvarians and Isoperla namata in the same photo.  Quite a difference in size!

4. A small winter stonefly, genus Allocapnia, not sure of the species.

5. Large winter stonefly, Strophopteryx fasciata, one of the brown ones.

6. A Nemourid stonefly, genus Prostoia.  This is the first time I've seen Nemourids in the Doyles.

7. And two of the many spiny crawlers -- E. dorothea -- that I found this morning.

Pteronarcys scotti? Trying to ID Some of Our "Giants"

One of the small streams that I visit in a regular way in Sugar Hollow has a healthy population of Giant stoneflies (family: Pteronarcyidae).  I've been hoping to ID these to the level of species -- and I do think they're all the same species -- so I was pleased when I found this fairly large nymph in a leaf pack this morning.  Let's see how we can do -- but let me underscore, before I begin, my amateur status and also note that my conclusion is not unproblematic.

Steven Beaty, in "The Plecoptera of North Carolina" (p. 28), states that there are 5 species of Giants in North Carolina, all genus Pteronarcys.  They are: P. biloba, P. comstocki, P. dorsata, P. proteus, and P. scotti.   At the moment, I would say the Giant in the photo above is P. scotti, a conclusion I've reached, in part, through a process of elimination.  Let me run through some critical features of the other four species.

1. P. biloba: On P. biloba nymphs, the "anterolateral angles of [the] pronotum [are] conspicuously produced into hook-like processes." (Beaty, p. 28)  Here's a photo of P. biloba, and I've noted the hooks.

There are no such hooks on the front corners of the pronotum of the nymph in our picture.

2. P. comstocki: On P. comstocki nymphs, the "lateral angles of pro-, meso- and metanotum [are] produced into spine-like processes." (Beaty, p. 28).  There are no spines on the angles of our pronotum.
If you want to see what those spines look like, go to, http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20o?search=Pteronarcys+comstocki.

3. P. dorsata: On P. dorsata nymphs there are "no lateral projections on [the] abdominal segments." (Beaty, p. 28).  There clearly are lateral projections on the abdominal segments of our nymph, at least on some of the segments.  For a photo of P. dorsata showing the lack of projections, go to, http://bugguide.net/node/view/271760/bgimage

4. P. proteus: On P. proteus nymphs, the "anterolateral projections on [the] pronotum [are] reduced, barely discernible," and  the "cerci [are] more than half to three-quarters the length of the abdomen."  On our nymph, the anterolateral projections -- though they are not "hooked" and are not "spine-like" -- are clearly discernible, and the cerci clearly are not "half to three-quarters the length of the abdomen."

We're left with P. scotti.  Let's see what Beaty says about this one, but first, have another look at our nymph, on which I've noted some features.

Beaty's description reads as follows: "...lateral margin of frontoclypeus with a low rounded protuberance adjacent to each antennal pedicel."  I think that works out.  Look at the photo above, and then look at this microscope picture.

Back to Beaty.  "anterolateral projections on pronotum easily discernible" -- yes, they are.

Now I run into a problem.  "lateral hooks appressed and not conspicuous on abdominal segments 6-8, the length of those on segment 5, as measured on the posterior surface, one-fifth to one-sixth the length of the tergite; cerci somewhat reduced, about 0.4 the length of the abdomen; antennae and cerci may be pale with darker medial segments or with a pale medial band."

1) Look at the photo above in which the abdominal segments are numbered.  I can see "appressed" hooks/projections on segments 7-8, but the hooks on segment 6 seems pretty clear.  2) I'm not entirely sure how to measure the length of the hooks on segment 5, but the "outside" edge of the hook is .5 mm, while the entire tergite is about 2mm.  That would make the hook longer than it ought to be.  3) The cerci are 6-7 mm in length; the abdomen is 19-20 mm.  So, that might work out: if the abdomen is 19mm, then the cerci should be 7.6mm.  5) The antennae and cerci both have a "pale medial band."

So there you have it.  An exercise whose results are still inconclusive.  But, for the moment, I'd say the Giants we find in this stream are P. scotti.  Oh.  I should also note Beaty's words -- "Nymphs occur throughout the year in the Mountains,"  and they are "probably semivoltine."  Yes, this nymph was found in the mountains, and yes, the Giants in this stream are indeed semivoltine -- i.e. they take two years to mature.
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Some other things that I found this morning.

1. Perlodid stonefly -- Diploperla duplicata (only one).

2. A Leuctrid -- "Rolled-winged stonefly."  Unfortunately, its tails had broken off.  I'll write something on Leuctrids when I start getting good pictures.

3. Perlodid stonefly -- Isoperla namata.  This is the most common Perlodid we see in the spring, and there are a lot of them showing up now in our streams.

4. Large winter stoneflies -- Taenionema atlanticum.  I've seen so many by now in these streams, that I'm ready to see something new.  But these were real beauties.

5. Another Wormaldia fingernet caddis.  This genus is fairly uncommon.

Remember that this is the genus on which the frontoclypeal apotome is symmetrical, either concave or convex.  This one is convex.

6. And finally, a new species of Rhyacophilid that I've not yet identified.  But it isn't R. fuscula, and it isn't R. nigrita -- the two species that I've already identified in this stream.  If I figure this out, I'll get back to you.